Evolution of Human Parental Care and Recruitment of Juvenile Help Research Paper

Evolution of Human Parental Care and Recruitment of Juvenile Help - Research Paper Example Cooperation between parents and juveniles The costs incurred in the raising of a child are high, and this is the reason parents opt for smaller families. The costs involved in this process tend to be high due to the investment in them and that they are free from any work. The cost of raising children in the pre industrial age was not as high since the children gave back to the society (Karen 54). Children receive assistance from their parents, and as so, their parents benefit from the assistance of their own children. The juvenility as such has a twofold nature of receiving and giving back. Juveniles both depend on their parents and at the same time help the parents. Young juveniles provide valuable childcare assistance to their siblings in many societies. The dependence and help from juveniles are some features that determine the modern human beings. Even, though, juveniles receive a lot of assistance from others, they also give back to by exchanging labor and resources with others more so those who assist them. Enlisting of juvenile help by the restructuring of parental investment to involve juveniles gives the humans an advantage (Royal society (Great Britain) 156). They are associated advantage to be able to both increase reproduction and increased offspring survival by incorporating interdependence at various ages. In the quantity-quality, trade off the determination of the quality of an offspring stems from the parental care given. The quantity or quality of resources allocated by the parent to the offspring is dependent on the ability of the parent to harness energy from the environment. The quantity-quality theory argues that if there are extra parental inputs these can affect the quantity or quality of the offspring by either direct allocation to the offspring quality and include food provision, childcare, all nursing, financial or other transfers. Extra parental inputs can also decrease the energy that the mother employs in providing and other activit ies leaving a metabolic stability for lactation and reproduction. Notwithstanding the physiological constraints in offspring production, quality of offspring is not necessarily a purpose of quantity. A juvenile who is not sexually mature to fit into the production class and not competing for mates does not fore go many costs. If the juvenile contributes in any way, directly or indirectly, and results in the reduction of the mothers energy employed the juvenile receives immediate fitness benefit and does not have to wait to maturity in order to benefit. According to Karen (88) division of labor celebrated as an age association as efficiency improves when inequities in return rates differ between tasks and individuals. When there is an adjustment of the level of investment by parents based on the availability of helpers, where help is sensitive to help accorded by juveniles then there can arise some changes. When the parents get helpers, they may increase their levels of investment an d retain the same level of care to the offspring’s and transferring the saved energy to the task of reproduction. The number of children might increase without necessarily reducing the survivorship or child quality unless the number of the helpers also decreases. If, on the other hand, the number of helpers increases due to the recruitment of juveniles, the parents then placed in a position to produce more children

Ethics in Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics in - Research Proposal Example And that the participants should have the choice to withdraw from the research. And most importantly the participants should have the opportunity to give voluntary, informed consent to whether they want to participate in the investigations. Immediately after World War II a consensus emerged about the ethical principles that should be followed in any research. One of the reasons for this was the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial that followed World War II brought to the notice of the public how scientists in Germany had used prisoners as subjects in experiments that were often gruesome. Such disclosures necessitated a reexamination of ethical standards. There emerged a consensus that human beings and animals must be protected from being used as guinea pigs. Contemporary medical and social research today requires that issues such as anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, fair treatment and protection from discomfort and harm that arise while participating in a research program are taken care of. Many regulations have been put forth by establishments to protect the rights of the research participants. Some of them are outlined by William M.K. Trochim (2006) 2. The principle of informed consent which requires that the participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in the research and must give their consent to participate in the research. 4. Researchers must protect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants. They must be assured that the information gathered from them will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the research. Several reasons can be put forth to stress the importance of ethics in research. Ethics promote the aims of research like truth, knowledge and avoidance of error. For instance when you bar fabricating and falsifying of records or misrepresenting research data you are promoting truth. You are less likely to make errors. Research